We've been doing a LOT of reading over the last year to help us better understand social class, classism, and class privilege. We thought we'd share our reading list with you in case you'd like to do a deeper dive into these topics yourself:
Chan, C. D., Cor, D. N., & Band, M. P. (2018). Privilege and Oppression in Counselor Education: An Intersectionality Framework. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 46(1), 58-73.
Clark, M., Moe, J., & Hays, D. (2017). The relationship between counselors’ multicultural counseling competence and poverty beliefs. Counselor Education and Supervision, 56(4), 259-273.
Cook, J.M., Clark, M., Wojcik, K., Nair, D., Baillargeon, T., & Kowalik, E. (2020). A 17-
year systematic content analysis of social class and socioeconomic status in two
counseling journals. Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation, 11(2), 104-118.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21501378.2019.1647409
Cook, J.M. & O’Hara, C.C. (2020). An emerging theory of the persistence of
social class microaggressions: an interpretative phenomenological study. Counselling
Psychology Quarterly, 33(4), 516-540. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2019.1596880
Diestelmann, J. W. (2017). A system-justification approach to understanding psychotherapy outcome expectations and social class. ProQuest LLC. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison).
East, C., Powers, D., Hyatt, T., Wright, S., & May, V. (2016). Counselor training and poverty-related competencies: implications and recommendations for counselor training programs. VISTAS Online. Retrieved from: counseling.org/knowledge-center/vistas.
Flores, L. Y., Navarro R. L., & Ali S. R. (2017). The state of SCCT research in relation to social class: Future directions. Journal of Career Assessment, 27, 6–23. Google Scholar.
Foss, L. L., Generali, M. M., & Kress, V. E. (2011). Counseling people living in poverty: The CARE Model. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 50, 161–171. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1939.2011.tb00115.x
Foss-Kelly, L., Generali, M., & Kress, V. (2017). Counseling strategies for empowering people living in poverty: the I-CARE model. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 45(1). 201-213. DOI: 10.1002/jmcd.12074.
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Herder and Herder.
Hagan, A. (2017). Development of the internalization of classism scale for poor and working poor class in the United States. Doctoral dissertation, University of North Dakota). Proquest LLC, 10635402.
Hau, J. (2012). Understanding the beliefs and expectations of first-generation college students: applying social cognitive career theory and the psychosocial cultural framework by investigating social class identity, classism, college self-efficacy, and college outcome expectations. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison).
Hernandez, J. O. (2013). Development and psychometric validation of the perceived classism scales: measures of perceived social class discrimination (Doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa).
hooks, b. (2000). Where we stand: Class matters. New York, NY: Routledge.
Justice, S. (2013). Social Class, Classism and Social Justice. The Oxford Handbook of Social Class in Counseling, 21.
Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., Mendoza-Denton, R., Rheinschmidt, M. L., & Keltner, D. (2012). Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: how the rich are different from the poor. Psychological Review, 119(3), 546.
Langhout, R. D., Drake, P., & Rosselli, F. (2009). Classism in the university setting: Examining student antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 2(3), 166-181.
Langhout, R. D., Rosselli, F., & Feinstein, J. (2007). Assessing classism in academic settings. The Review of Higher Education, 30(2), 145-184. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2006.0073
Liu, W. M. (2011). Social class and classism in the helping professions: Research, theory and practice. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Liu, W. M. (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Social Class in Counseling. Oxford University Press.
Liu, W. M., Ali, S. R., Soleck, G., Hopps, J., Duston, K., & Pickett, T. (2004). Using social class in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 3-18.
Liu, W. M., & Ali, S. R. (2008). Social class and classicism: Understanding the psychological impact of poverty and inequality. In Brown S. D., Lent R. W. (Eds.), Handbook of Counseling Psychology (4th ed., pp. 159–175). New York, NY: Wiley. Google Scholar.
Liu, W. M., Pickett Jr, T., & Ivey, A. E. (2007). White middle‐class privilege: Social class bias and implications for training and practice. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 35(4), 194-206.
Milan-Tyner, N. (2018). The impact of race, gender, and class on career development: The perceptions of African American women (Doctoral dissertation, Rowan University).
Nickols, S. Y., & Nielsen, R. B. (2011). “So many people are struggling”: Developing social empathy through a poverty simulation. Journal of Poverty, 15(1), 22-42.
O’Hara, C., & Cook, J. (2018). Doctoral-level counseling students’ experiences of social
class microaggressions. Counselor Education & Supervision, 57, 255-270.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12115
Parker, L (2018). The relationship between classism and career agency (Doctoral dissertation, Northern Illinois University).
Pedrotti, J. T. (2013). Positive psychology, social class, and counseling. In W. M. Liu (Ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Social Class in Counseling. New York: Oxford University Press. 131-143.
Pietrantoni, Z., Glance, D., & Smith, K. M. (2015). Experiences with Classism: A Look at Social Class in a Rural High School. Journal of School Counseling, 13(12), n12.
Pope-Davis, D. B., & Coleman, H. L. (2001). The intersection of race, class, and gender in multicultural counseling. Sage.
Reiman, J., & Leighton, P. (2015). The rich get richer and the poor get prison: Ideology, class, and criminal justice. Routledge.
Rubin, M., Denson, N., Kilpatrick, S., Matthews, K. E., Stehlik, T., & Zyngier, D. (2014). “I Am Working-Class” subjective self-definition as a missing measure of social class and socioeconomic status in higher education research. Educational Researcher, 43(4), 196-200.
Sensoy, O., & DiAngelo, R. (2017). Is everyone really equal? An introduction to key concepts in social justice education. Teachers College Press.
Simons, A. M. W., Koster, A., Groffen, D. A. I., & Bosma, H. (2017). Perceived classism and its relation with socioeconomic status, health, health behaviors and perceived inferiority: the Dutch Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences (LISS) panel. International Journal of Public Health, 62(4), 433–440. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-016-0880-2
Smith, L., Mao, S., & Deshpande, A. (2016). “Talking across worlds”: Classist
microaggressions in higher education. Journal of Poverty, 20(2), 127-157.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2015.1094764
Smith, L., Foley, P. F., & Chaney, M. P. (2008). Addressing classism, ableism, and heterosexism in counselor education. Journal of Counseling and Development: JCD, 86(3), 303.
Smith, L., Li, V., Dykema, S., Hamlet, D., & Shellman, A. (2013). “Honoring somebody that society doesn’t honor”: therapists working in the context of poverty. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 69, 138–151.
Stellar, J. E., Manzo, V. M., Kraus, M. W., & Keltner, D. (2012). Class and compassion: Socioeconomic factors predict responses to suffering. Emotion, 12(3), 449.
Sturm, D. C. (2012). Social class and the helping professions: A clinician's guide to navigating the landscape of class in America. Routledge.
Toporek, R. L., & Pope-Davis, D. B. (2005). Exploring the relationships between multicultural training, racial attitudes, and attributions of poverty among graduate counseling trainees. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11(3), 259.
U.S. Department of Education. Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for
Education Statistics (2019). Table 330.50: Average graduate tuition and required fees
in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution and percentile of
charges: 1989-90 through 2017-18. Retrieved from
Walters, M. G. (2015). Exploring the “missing piece” of the social justice agenda: exploring experiences of classism and attitudes toward seeking mental health services in undergraduate students (Doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado).
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